With a high morbidity and death rate in critically sick patients, acute lung injury (ALI) is a lung disease marked by pulmonary edema brought on by an overactive inflammatory response within the lungs and breakdown of the alveolar capillary barrier. Dry powder inhalers (DPI) are a useful tool for enhancing drug efficacy; inhalation delivery raises the drug's bioavailability in addition to improving efficacy. A α-adrenergic receptor, pseudoephedrine (PSE) relieves sinus and nasal congestion linked to colds, allergies, and hay fever. In this study, we used the anti-solvent precipitation approach to develop a PSE dry powder inhaler (PSE-DPI) and tested it in vitro. PSE-DPI possesses strong aerodynamic qualities, according to the in vitro studies. Characterizations of PSE-SPI of cumulative distribution, frequency distribution, SEM of SYN-DPI, DSC, FTIR, and PXRD revealed that the prepared formulations are significant qualities. The in vitro findings demonstrated that PSE-DPI has a strong antioxidant potential in addition to minimal toxicity. In summary, this study offers PSE as an inhalable formulation for use in improving ALI through inhalation administration.

This study was designed to develop and characterize floating microballoons containing mefenamic acid (MA) for regulated drug release. First, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E3 grade was used to prepare the drug-loaded low-density granular pellets, and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was used as a granulating fluid. Additionally, the low-density granular pellets were microencapsulated using an emulsion evaporation process with 1% w/v polyethylene glycol 400 as the aqueous phase and coating polymers ethyl cellulose (EC) 8 cps and Eudragit RSPO. The compressibility index, angle of repose, and particle size analysis of the produced microballoons were evaluated. 0.1 N HCl was used as the medium for the in vitro release investigations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the prepared microballoons were spherical and free-flowing. Among all the formulations, F6f and F6g show promise as sustained release floating microballoons of MA, offering first-order release over a 12-h period with a floating lag time of at least one minute. It was investigated that the most important factors affecting the size of the MA microballoons under the used experimental settings were the drug-to-polymer ratio, stirring speed, and surfactant concentration

Introduction: This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of chitosan and hydroxyapatite-containing scaffolds in bone tissue engineering by freeze-drying. Material and methods: Relevant articles were searched from several international databases including PubMed, Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), Scopus, and the Cochrane Library and Embase. All studies were retrieved and reviewed up to June 15, 2025. The keywords (hydroxyapatite), (chitosan), (bone tissue engineering), and (freeze-drying method) were used to retrieve and review relevant articles. To find more relevant articles, Google Scholar was also manually searched, as well as the reference lists of the articles included in the systematic review, and were approved by the review board. The initial search of the reviewed databases resulted in 278 articles that were potentially relevant to the presented review. The total number of eligible articles retrieved in this study was 81. 72 titles, abstracts, and full texts remained for further screening after removing duplicate records. Of these, 63 did not meet the inclusion criteria and were therefore excluded. Finally, 9 articles were selected for qualitative synthesis. Results: Freeze-dried scaffolds containing chitosan and hydroxyapatite have been shown to be effective for bone tissue engineering, offering significant benefits based on a review of studies. This review highlights the diverse approaches and materials used in the development of chitosan and apatite-based scaffolds for bone regeneration. Conclusion: The reviewed studies demonstrate a wide range of cost-effectiveness. Therefore, further research is needed to explore the potential of chitosan and hydroxyapatite-containing scaffolds.