Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex and prevalent endocrine disorder that affects approximately 6-12% of women of reproductive age worldwide. Objective: The main objective of the study is to find the long-term effects of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate on ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted at Medical and Dental College Sargodha during June 2020 to June 2021 to compare the long-term effects of Letrozole and Clomiphene Citrate on ovulation induction in women diagnosed with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). A total of 185 women with PCOS, aged between 18 and 35 years, who sought treatment for infertility were enrolled in the study. Results: The Letrozole group demonstrated a significantly higher ovulation rate compared to the Clomiphene Citrate group. Specifically, ovulation occurred in 80% of the cycles in the Letrozole group (n = 74) versus 65% of the cycles in the Clomiphene Citrate group (n = 60). The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02), indicating that Letrozole was more effective in inducing ovulation in women with PCOS. Conclusion: It is concluded that Letrozole is a superior option for ovulation induction in women with PCOS, offering higher ovulation and pregnancy rates, a more favorable endometrial environment, and fewer adverse effects compared to Clomiphene Citrate.

With the World Health Organization (WHO) identifying AMR as a pivotal concern, collaborative efforts among healthcare
stakeholders are imperative to mitigate its multifaceted drivers. Pharmacists, occupying a central position within the
healthcare framework, play a pivotal role in antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), ensuring the judicious use of
antimicrobial drugs. Through proactive audits, medication reviews, and adherence to evidence-based guidelines,
pharmacists contribute significantly to curbing the rise and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, they serve as
educators, imparting crucial insights to patients on the prudent utilization of antibiotics and the importance of treatment
adherence. By emphasizing the perils of antibiotic resistance and advocating for responsible antibiotic usage, pharmacists
contribute to reducing unnecessary antibiotic consumption and mitigating the emergence of resistant strains. In addition
to their roles in antimicrobial stewardship and patient education, pharmacists actively engage in infection prevention and
control measures within healthcare settings. Collaborating closely with infection control teams, pharmacists promote
rigorous hand hygiene practices, advocate for adherence to infection control guidelines, and monitor antimicrobial
utilization patterns to identify areas for improvement. Furthermore, pharmacists play a pivotal role in advocating for
policies and initiatives targeting AMR across various levels, including local, national, and international spheres. Their
involvement in public health campaigns, legislative actions, and research endeavors underscores their commitment to
mitigating AMR and safeguarding the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. Technological innovations further empower
pharmacists in their efforts to combat AMR. From electronic health records (EHR) to artificial intelligence (AI) and
machine learning (ML) algorithms, pharmacists leverage cutting-edge technologies to monitor antimicrobial consumption
accurately, enhance adherence to clinical guidelines, and streamline communication across healthcare teams. Despite
facing challenges such as limited authority and resource constraints, pharmacists' contributions in mitigating AMR remain
indispensable. By strengthening policy frameworks, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and leveraging
technological innovations, pharmacists can continue to lead efforts in combatting AMR and preserving the efficacy of
antimicrobial agents for future generations. 

This particular study utilizes the gene expression omnibus dataset (GEO) for the identification of novel molecular markers for LUAD. In total there are four gene expression profiles namely GSE19188, GSE18842, GSE31210 and GSE19804 were identified using GEO from 423 samples of cancerous tissuess and 190 non-cancerous samples (controls). Out of these profiles that were identified, we were able to further identify the precise genes which had been differentially expressed termed as Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by employing web tools such as GEO2R and Venn diagrams. There were 851 DEGs identified which comprised of 240 over-expressed genes and 611 under-expressed genes. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis through Cytoscape and the Cytohubba software was carried out to explain the role of these genes in the aetiology of the LUAD. This approach enabled the identification of densely interconnected gene clusters that hold potential significance for accurate prognostication of LUAD. Additional procedures including Gene ontology enrichment (GO) along with Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis were utilized in the current study for precise study of various mechanisms of cell cycle modulation and apoptosis that are essential hallmarks for the pathogenesis of LUAD. Furthermore, the credibility of our findings was strengthened by the results obtained by UALCAN as well as HPA databases to understand hub gene expression along with its association with overall survival. Collectively, our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms is improved by identifying the DEGs (CDK1, CCNB2, CDC20, BUBIB, CCNA2, DLGAP5, ASPM, ARRB1, CAV1) and their probable role as biomarkers in the pathology of LUAD and further investigations into this concept may open up newer avenues for accurate treatment towards LUAD thereby ensuring successful therapeutic outcomes. 

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex transformations that neurons and neuroglial cells undergo as the brain develops. By examining the dynamic interactions between these basic building blocks, it delves into the complex mechanisms that govern cellular differentiation, migration, and maturation. It clarifies the crucial role that neurons and neuroglia play in forming the morphological and functional landscape of the developing brain through a synthesis of recent findings and theoretical frameworks. Furthermore, it studies how these cellular processes are dynamically modulated by external variables, such as genetic predispositions and environmental effects, forming brain circuits and cognitive skills. This study highlights the critical importance of comprehending the shifting dynamics of neurons and neuroglial cells and offers insightful information on prospective treatment innovations for neurological illnesses by dissecting the complexity behind brain development.

Objectives: The main cause of obesity is an unhealthy lifestyle, which includes consuming more foods high in calories, spending more time in front of screens, engaging in less physical exercise, and less sleep, are crucial factors. It's interesting to note that schools are crucial to the prevention of obesity because of its long-term effects extensive interaction with kids. Indeed, the curriculum, extracurricular activities, staff, school atmosphere, and rules can all have a positive impact on kids' lifestyle choices. Methods: This study was carried out at eastern province area of Saudi Arabia's from January to March of 2022. At baseline and three months after the community-based obesity prevention program, measurements were taken. Pearson chi-square tests were employed to test statistical significance. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), which was used to examine within-group variations. Results: A total of 30 participants were included in the study. 15 Participants in control group and 15 in intervention group. The mean age of the program completers was 7.6 years. The mean BMI of intervention group at baseline was 20.6 kg/m2.  Positive correlation exists between Age and BMI of program completers. With increase in age, there is increase in BMI in program completers: y= 1.3419+ 9.8275, R2 = 0.0766. Negative correlation exists between age and BMI at baseline. With increase in age, there is decrease in BMI at baseline: y= 0.086x+ 16.251, R2 = 0.001. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the interventional group was noticeably heavier than the control group, and there was no discernible difference in the impact of school or gender on body mass index.

Background: Saudi Arabia is known for its dry climate. The arid climate of the region makes its ecosystems highly susceptible, with limited water resources and vulnerable agricultural fields. The 2007 report by the intergovernmental panel on climate change highlighted the global impact of climate change on precipitation patterns, which has been evident in Saudi Arabia through an increase in rainfall. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the public's awareness and perceptions of environmental issues and climate change that have an impact on their health and immune system. Methods: The research study employed a cross-sectional survey to examine the KAP health impact of environmental pollutants and climate change in Saudi Arabia. The participants were chosen randomly from various regions across the country. A total of 437 respondents were selected using convenience sampling. The imported questionnaires were entered into the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 for data analysis. Results: 80.78% of the participants were Female and 19.22% of the participants were Male. Participants have fair knowledge on immunological and health effects of environmental pollution and climate change (94.3 and 87.5%) respectively. Participants are well aware of the influence of environmental pollutants and climate change on spread of infectious diseases 51% - 94%. Significant correlation exists between participants of the private sector in the Attitude domain of KAP. P= 0.003, x2 =5.139. Conclusion: Significant correlation exists between participants of the private sector in the Attitude domain of KAP. P= 0.003, x2 =5.139. Participants are well aware of the influence of environmental pollutants and climate change on the spread of infectious diseases 51-94%. The health mission in Saudi Arabia has integrated with other missions in order to address diseases that are sensitive to climate change. It is crucial to enhance the knowledge and skills of the general public regarding climate change and its impact on health.