Background: The study of human anatomy is fundamental to medical education, traditionally taught through cadaveric dissection and lectures, providing a tactile and immersive learning experience. This study aimed to compare the impact of traditional and modern anatomy teaching methods on student knowledge retention at the Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Material & Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted involving 120 first-year MBBS students, randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (n=60), taught using traditional methods (cadaveric dissection, lectures), and Group B (n=60), taught using modern methods (digital anatomy platforms, 3D modeling, interactive multimedia). Both groups received identical content over one academic semester. Knowledge retention was assessed through immediate post-teaching and delayed post-teaching assessments (three months later), comprising multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions, and identification tasks. Data were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Students in Group B (modern methods) consistently outperformed Group A (traditional methods) in both immediate and delayed assessments. The immediate assessment showed significantly higher mean scores in Group B across all question types (p<0.05). Three months later, Group B maintained superior retention with smaller declines in scores (8.3% vs. 9.8% in Group A). Student feedback indicated higher satisfaction, engagement, and confidence in Group B (p<0.05). No significant correlations were found between demographic factors and retention scores, except for a moderate correlation with previous academic performance. Conclusion: Modern anatomy teaching methods, incorporating digital tools, 3D modeling, and interactive multimedia, are more effective than traditional methods in enhancing immediate learning outcomes and promoting long-term knowledge retention. These methods also lead to higher student satisfaction and engagement. As medical education evolves, integrating both traditional and modern approaches may offer the most comprehensive learning experience, better preparing students for their future roles in healthcare.

Background: Hypertension (HTN) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are prevalent chronic conditions requiring ongoing medication adherence for effective management. This study aims to evaluate medication adherence among patients with HTN and DM in central India and identify factors influencing adherence.

Method: The study was conducted in the General Medicine department of Medical College, central India, over 12 months. A sample of 50 patients with HTN and Type 2 DM was included. Data were collected through interviews and medical records, assessing medication adherence using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) and quality of life using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and odds ratios to determine significant factors influencing adherence.

Result: The majority of the sample (60%) comprised individuals aged 51-70 years. Adherence was higher among those older than 50 years and employed individuals, with significant p-values of 0.013 and 0.034, respectively. No significant differences were observed based on gender or education level. A strong association was found between higher medication adherence and better quality of life (p < 0.00001), with 77% of participants being adherent to their medication regimen and 72% experiencing an improved quality of life.

Conclusion: The study found that medication adherence significantly impacts the quality of life in patients with HTN and Type 2 DM. Factors such as age and employment status influence adherence, while gender and education level do not. The findings underscore the need for larger studies to validate these results and consider non-pharmacological interventions for comprehensive patient management.

Background: Patients with liver cirrhosis frequently experience renal impairment. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the final stage of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. Duplex Doppler ultrasonography of the kidneys is a non-invasive technique used to evaluate blood flow and arterial vascular resistance as a measure of vasoconstriction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of renal resistive index as a non-invasive indicator for early identification of functional renal damage in individuals with liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on a sample of 40 individuals, consisting of 10 patients with liver cirrhosis but without ascites, 30 patients with liver cirrhosis plus ascites, and 10 healthy persons serving as the control group. The patients and control group had a comprehensive set of medical tests including complete blood count, liver and kidney function tests, measurement of serum electrolyte levels, analysis of twenty-four hour urine sodium levels, abdominal ultrasonography, and duplex Doppler examination of the renal arteries with computation of the mean renal resistance index. Results: Highly significant difference between cirrhotic patients with ascites and cirrhotic patients without ascites and controls regarding mean renal resistive index for both kidneys (P<0.001). At Cutoff point of renal RI 0.71, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to predict HRS were 100%, 80% and 82% respectively with AUC= 0.997. A statistical high significant positive correlation between RI and serum creatinine, child class, MELD score and MELD-Na (r=0. 0.818, r= 0. 0.539, r= 0.739 r= 0.807 respectively and P<0.001). A statistical high significant negative correlation between RI and serum sodium, 24 hours urinary sodium, and platelets (r= -0.778, r= 0. -0.688, r= -0.422 respectively and P<0.001). Conclusion: Renal duplex Doppler ultrasound is useful as a non-invasive method for the evaluation of the renal hemodynamic changes in cirrhotic patients and can predict HRS.

Introduction: Nomophobia literally means no mobile phobia that is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact. If a person is in an area of no network, has run out of balance or even worse run out of battery, the person gets anxious, which adversely affects the concentration level of the person.

Objectives: (1). To estimate prevalence of Nomophobia among undergraduate college students in Madhya Pradesh. (2) To estimate the degree of Nomophobia among them.

Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out on students of physiotherapy colleges of Madhya Pradesh. The Nomophobia questionnaire NMP-Q, a self-administered questionnaire was completed by 236 participants from various physiotherapy colleges of Madhya Pradesh. A Google form was sent by e-mail and WhatsApp for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part recorded student’s demographic details and second part recorded the associated anxiety with the mobile phone which consisted of 20 questions (NMP-Q).

Result:  In this study among 236 participants, 161 (68.2%) were females, 146 (36.9%) students were aware about the term nomophobia. When unable to look information on smartphone 130 (55.1%) students felt annoyed. Around 32% students got nervous if they were not able to get the news. Inability to use phone made 50% of students annoyed and 31 % got panicked if they hit their monthly/Daily data limit. While 128 (54.2 %) students felt desired to check their smart phones constantly.

Cataract is the most  causes of blindness worldwide in adult ,also its 3-4 times more common in  diabetic mellitus patients comparison to their non-diabetic mellitus individuals , glutathione as a mainly antioxidant, replenishing the levels of GSH in the eye may lower the incidence of ocular diseases linked to aging, and oxidative stress such as cataracts as well , magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation in the human body account 60% of which can be found in the bone and the consider fourth most abundantly cation .Objective: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the correlation between diabetic cataract  and glutathione and magnesium. Methods: sixty healthy subjects and forty diabetic cataract patients participated in this case- control study. By employing magnesium was measured by colorimetric Assay Kit and glutathione was measure by ELIZA Results: GSH and Mg levels was significantly decrease between individuals with diabetic cataract and those who were healthy. Conclusions: it can be conclusion that glutathione and magnesium may serve as the most precise predictor of diabetic cataract and may be associated with its development

The impact of Emtricitabine (EMTB) on the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is influenced by its active molecular structure. This study investigates into the interaction of EMTB in aqueous systems at various temperatures. Physicochemical properties (PCPs) such as density (ρ, g cm-3), Apparent Molar Volume (Vϕ, cm3•mol−1), viscosity (η, mPa.s), and surface tension (γ, mNm-1) of EMTB in aqueous solutions have been measured at temperatures of 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K. These PCPs elucidate the intermolecular forces (IMF) between EMTB and water (W), with EMTB concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 millimolar (mM) in a binary system at predetermined temperatures. This investigation of PCPs to understand the molecular interaction mechanism, focusing on the nature of IMF arising during the interaction of EMTB with W at various temperatures, thereby revealing the structural dynamics of EMTB in aqueous solutions. Analysis of PCPs data reveals the interaction and structure-disrupting tendencies of EMTB with water, exhibiting a net increase as temperature decreases, indicating thermal stability. Furthermore, the PCPs data indicate occurrence of hydrogen bond (HB) and electrostatic interactions (EI) between EMTB and water, with temperature-dependent interaction activities increasing as EMTB concentration increases in the aqueous medium.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease widespread in several countries around the world, including Iraq. Infection occurs by injection of the leishmania parasite through a female fly belonging to the genus Phlebotomus, when it feeds on the blood /mammalian host .The distinctive feature of visceral leishmaniasis is its effect on many internal organs (usually the spleen, liver, and bone marrow). According to statistics and based on the database available to the Center CDC: The total number of VL cases in Iraq for the period (2021-2022) reached 162 cases. So, this study aimed to Epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in Al-Diwaniyah governorate and Molecular diagnosis of the L. donovani. The study dealt with two aspect, the first of which was an epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in Diwaniyah Governorate, which included 276 people, where all suspected VL patients participating in this study were diagnosed in the laboratories of the College of Science - Al-Qadisiyah University, where 18 people were detected and confirmed to have visceral leishmaniasis (VL). 6.52% through rapid immunochromatography (ICT) screening test. Which has been proven successful through its high sensitivity and specificity, in addition to clinical signs and symptoms. The results showed that the age group (< 18) was more susceptible to infection, and that males were infected at a higher rate (9.7%) than females (4.9%). They also showed a higher number of infected people in rural areas (7.5%) compared to the city center (2.5%). . The second aspect included a study of 56 cases in whom the clinical diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was confirmed from various hospitals in Iraq. The diagnosis was confirmed through two laboratory tests that included a rapid immunochromatography examination and an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), in addition to signs The clinical symptoms, which were evaluated by the consulting medical staff and included in most cases: fever, weight loss, fatigue and anemia, as well as splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. The study dealt with two aspect, the first of which was an epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in Diwaniyah Governorate, which included 276 people, where all suspected VL patients participating in this study were diagnosed in the laboratories of the College of Science - Al-Qadisiyah University, where 18 people were detected and confirmed to have visceral leishmaniasis (VL). 6.52% through rapid immunochromatography (I.C.T) screening test. Which has been proven successful through its high sensitivity and specificity, in addition to clinical signs and symptoms. The results showed that the age group (< 18) was more susceptible to infection, and that males were infected at a higher rate (9.7%) than females (4.9%). They also showed a higher number of infected people in rural areas (7.5%) compared to the city center (2.5%). The second aspect included a study of 56 cases in whom the clinical diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was confirmed from various hospitals in Iraq. The diagnosis was confirmed through two laboratory tests that included a rapid immunochromatography examination and an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), in addition to signs The clinical symptoms, which were evaluated by the consulting medical staff and included in most cases: fever, weight loss, fatigue and anemia, as well as splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. The results of the statistical analysis appeared to be consistent with the epidemiological study and the clinical samples, as the highest infection rate was recorded in the age group (<18),and males had a higher infection rate (53.85%) than females (37.15%), and infected patients in rural areas were higher (60.7%) than In the city (39.3%), the results of clinical signs showed that the highest incidence of infection was in fever  (47.37 % )The highest infection rate was in Diwaniyah Governorate (24.3%) and the lowest infection rate was in Babil and Najaf Governorates (5.4%). The biopsies taken from the bone marrow were examined with an electron microscope, stained with Giemsa stain, and cultured on NNN culture medium (Novy - MacNeal - Nicolle) at a temperature of 23°C. As for the molecular examination, PCR technology was used based on the diagnostic gene KDNA with a size of 562 pb.

Background: Hypertension is a significant global risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension in adolescents is increasingly prevalent due to rising obesity rates among adolescents in developing countries. Blood pressure (BP) elevation can be classified as secondary hypertension, linked to an underlying disease, or primary hypertension, with no identifiable cause. Primary hypertension in childhood often persists into adulthood, and its prevalence, especially among adolescents, has risen alongside the obesity epidemic. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over six months, from July 2023 to December 2023. The study included adolescents aged 15 to 22 years. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and blood pressure was recorded using an appropriately sized BP cuff and a standardized sphygmomanometer. Three readings were taken at intervals of at least five minutes, and the average was calculated.  Results: Among 878 adolescents, 49 (5.58%) had abnormal BP levels. Of these, 28 (3.19%) were classified with elevated BP, and 21 (2.39%) were diagnosed with stage 1 or 2 hypertension. Abnormal BP distribution was equal between males and females. The majority of affected adolescents were aged 12 to 13 years (chi-square value: 58.469, P=0.001), indicating a higher prevalence of hypertension with increasing age. The mean weight of the adolescents was 31.97 kg, and the mean height was 135.34 cm. In this cohort, 223 (25%) adolescents were overweight, and 53 (6.03%) were obese. Hypertension prevalence was 15.09% among obese adolescents and 1.35% among overweight adolescents (chi-square value: 83.712, P=0.000). Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of these guidelines for early diagnosis of elevated BP and hypertension stages in adolescents. Early detection of obesity is crucial for promoting a healthy lifestyle. This study aims to raise awareness among parents about the increasing rates of obesity and hypertension in adolescents in rural India.

Aim: Carbapenem, a last-resort antibiotic for treating drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections, is facing increased resistance globally, particularly due to the irrational use of antibiotics in developing countries like India. This study aims to determine the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and to detect the carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-2 and blaOXA-48) in a tertiary care hospital in India. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Various clinical samples were collected and cultured in suitable growth media. K. pneumoniae was identified through biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The modified Hodge test (MHT) was used to identify carbapenemase producers. Plasmid extraction was conducted using the modified alkaline hydrolysis method. Confirmation of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae was done by detecting blaNDM-2 and blaOXA-48 genes through PCR with specific primers, followed by gel electrophoresis. Results: Out of 720 samples, 38.9% (280/720) were culture positive, with K. pneumoniae being the most prevalent isolate at 31.4% (88/280). Among the 88 K. pneumoniae isolates, 56.8% (50/88) were multi-drug resistant (MDR), and 51.1% (45/88) were MHT positive. Colistin exhibited the highest sensitivity (100%; 88/88), followed by tigecycline (86.4%; 76/88). The blaNDM-2 and blaOXA-48 genes were found in 24.4% (11/45) and 15.5% (7/45) of the carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. Conclusion: The study found high rates of MDR and carbapenemase production in K. pneumoniae isolates. Colistin and tigecycline could be the preferred choices for empirical treatment of MDR and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. This study enhances the understanding of the antibiotic resistance threat and assists physicians in selecting appropriate antibiotics.

Introduction: obstructive sleep apnea is the brief periods of recurrent cessation of breathing during sleep that is  caused especially by obstruction of the airway. Aim: to study its effect on hypertension, lipid profile in patients having  moderate to severe sleep apnea. Methods: We conducted this study in Chest Ward of Department of T.B & Respiratory  Diseases, Spmc Bikaner.50 patients suffering from moderate to severe sleep apnea was included for the study purpose.  Results: A highly significant change was observed in the systolic blood pressure after 1 month c-PAP therapy among  Moderate OSA cases whereas non-significant in sever OSA cases. Strong association was found between 3 months of c-PAP  usage and decrease in diastolic blood pressure among moderate to severely affected patients. No statistically significant  change was noted in the serum lipid profile of severely afflicted cases of OSA. Conclusion: c-PAP therapy is observed to be  significantly associated with lowering of blood pressure particularly the diastolic one. CPAP use ameliorates intermittent  hypoxia and reduces sympathetic nerve activity, which may account for an improved lipid profile.

Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer diagnosed in men and fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Aim: investigates the prognostic role of mpMRI by evaluating the correlation of PIRADS with histopathology. Methods: This study was conducted at department of Radiodiagnosis at S.P. Medical College Bikaner. 50 patients were included in study fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. The image interpretation and categorization of prostate nodules was done using PIRADS criteria and findings obtained was compared with histopathological report obtained by TRUS guided BIOPSY. Results: The mean age of the patients was 65 year with age range of 45-89 years. The overall cancer detection rate was 58 % (29/50) patients. On analysis of PIRADS ≥3 nodules on MRI the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) ,negative predictive value (NPV) were 60.8%, 75%,96% and 14.2% respectively. Conclusion: PIRADS ≥ 3 had high specificity and high positive predictive value for Prostate cancer using biopsy results as the standard of reference.

Various therapies have been utilized to treat individuals with disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), but their clinical effectiveness is unknown.

Methods: Four databases: CENTRAL, PUBMED (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and Scopus – were electronically searched. Other manual sources included citation searches and reference lists of included research, reference lists of pertinent review papers and textbook chapters, and 7 journals with a high likelihood of including papers related to the review topic.The researchers looked at two key outcomes (TMJ pain intensity and maximum mouth opening) as well as a number of secondary outcomes.

Results: According to the present systematic review of literature, there is little support for strengthening activities that target the masticatory muscles. There was also no evidence for manual soft tissue work targeting masticatory muscles, which could be due to the pterygoid muscles' limited accessibility to palpation. Splint therapy and electrophysical modalities, such as laser therapy, ultrasound, TENs, and iontophoresis, had little to no evidence for pain alleviation.

Conclusion: The included studies were too heterogeneous and at an unclear to high risk of bias, hence evidence levels are now insufficient for conclusive judgments. Because of the similar treatment outcomes, the scarcity of high-quality evidence, and the higher risks and costs associated with more complex treatment, patients should be encouraged to try them.

In the current study, the aim was to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and to explore their potential use in fighting bone cancer cell lines (A- 673) and normal cell line. To achieve this, Streptomyces fradaie bacteria, isolated from soil, were utilized. For the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles from these bacteria it was prepared by mixing equal volumes of the bacterial extract and chloroplatinic acid hydrate (H2P2CL6), after incubation period we obtaining on color change, as an indicator of the creation of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). The formation of PtNPs was determined using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS).Physical characterization of the biosynthesized PtNPs was conducted through various techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).Subsequent to the synthesis and characterization, the cytotoxicity of the platinum nanoparticles was evaluated against human bone cancer cells A- 673, and normal mouse embryo cells MEF, PtNPs that derived from the Streptomyces fradaie MN901087.1, using varying concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80micrograms/ml).The results showed that platinum nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cells of the A-673 line, starting with a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, where the inhibition rate reached 15.36%, and this percentage increased to 43.86%., 77.02%, 91.00% for the concentrations (20, 40, 80) respectively. Notably, The results were further supported by statistical analysis performed using the Graph Pad Prism program, confirming the presence of significant differences between the inhibitory concentrations of cancer cells at a significance level of 0.05.

A field experiment was carried out during the spring season of 2023 in two locations: the first one in Erbil city (Grdarasha field), and the second in the region of Khabat, located it become from west of Erbil province and (37) km far away from the city center, also the soil was silty clay loam texture in both locations, the aim of this study to know the effect of nano-boron on three variety of Sunflower on growth, yield and quality and identify the suitable variety for achieving the highest productivity, in addition to estimating their content of oils and fatty acids. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and two factors, the first factor included four concentrations of nano-boron (0, 1, 2, 3 g/L), besides the second factor included three varieties of sunflower (Leviathan, Aqmar, Banam), Seeds were planted at both locations on March 29, 2023, and March 30, 2023 in Erbil and Khabat sites, at a depth of (1-3 cm) and a distance of 40 cm between plants  from rows. Nano-boron was sprayed on the plants once just before flowering. The results showed the following: It showed significant differences between nano-boron fertilizer and varieties in all studied traits. Nano-boron recorded the highest averages in some vegetative growth traits such as height, leaf area, chlorophyll content in plants, disc diameter, number of seeds per disc, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil percentage in seeds, oil yield, and fatty acids content in both locations. Additionally, the results also showed a clear significant superiority of the fertilizer levels (3g /L), which it gave the highest averages, the varieties recorded significant differences among them so Aqmar variety recorded the highest averages in most of the studied traits such as number of seeds per disc, seed yield, oil percentage, and oil yield in both experimental sites, while the Leviathan variety gave and recorded the highest means in some growth characteristics such as height and chlorophyll content in both sites, and fatty acids content in the Erbil place. Moreover, the Aqmar variety outperformed and showed a high content of fatty acids in the Khabat location, as for the interaction between nano-boron fertilizer and varieties, it had a significant impact on some of the studied traits, with the highest number of seeds per disc, seed yield, and oil yield obtained from the interaction between the dose (3g/L) of nano-boron fertilizer with Banam variety.

The COVID-2019 pandemic is a disease of serious concern for mankind and has been propagated globally, was initially seen at Wuhan, in China at the end of December 2019, and the further transmitted to almost 300 nations all over the world. This kind of lethal infection emerged from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). World Health Organization has affirmed COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. This review article briefly focused on the etiology, pathophysiology, histopathology, different types of variants (VoC & VoI), and diagnostic ways for combating COVID-19. Authors addressed the natural and synthetic therapy for the control of COVID-19 and concluded that natural therapies having less toxicity to human beings rather than synthetic therapies. The recent discoveries and advancements have been expeditiously done for combating COVID-19 with the help of antibody preparations and development of novel vaccines. This article also highlights the importance of NDDS for the prevention of COVID-19 and emphasized the study of recently found various variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their prevention for further spreading.  

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare has ushered in a new era of possibilities, revolutionizing the way medical practices are conducted and patient care is delivered. This article explores the dynamic synergy between AI and healthcare, highlighting the transformative impact of AI technologies on the healthcare landscape. Rapid advancements in AI technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision, have empowered healthcare professionals to analyze vast amounts of medical data, identify complex patterns, and make informed decisions with unprecedented accuracy. From disease diagnosis and personalized treatment development to patient data management and epidemiological forecasting, AI has permeated every aspect of healthcare, offering innovative solutions to longstanding challenges. By enhancing efficiency and accuracy, AI streamlines medical processes, reduces human errors, and improves clinical outcomes for patients. Moreover, AI-driven healthcare systems facilitate early disease detection, chronic disease management, and more effective treatment planning, ultimately leading to better healthcare outcomes and improved patient well-being. Despite the remarkable potential of AI in healthcare, several challenges persist, including data security concerns, ethical considerations, and integration with existing healthcare systems. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts from stakeholders across the healthcare ecosystem to ensure the responsible and equitable deployment of AI technologies. In conclusion, the synergy between AI and healthcare represents a paradigm shift in the delivery of medical services, promising to enhance access, affordability, and quality of care for patients worldwide. By embracing AI-driven innovations, healthcare providers can unlock new opportunities to improve patient outcomes and advance the future of healthcare delivery

Introduction: In the field of orthopedics, surgeries involving the proximal end of the femur are commonly performed. Understanding the femur’s morphometry can help mitigate risks associated with vascular, metabolic, or trauma-related issues arising from surgeries in this region. Hence, the aim of this study is to gather data on femoral morphometric values to customize implant designs for the population of Madhya Pradesh, aiming to minimize complications.

Objectives:

This study aims to examine various femur measurements and compare them with existing research findings.

Materials and Methods:

Ninety dried femurs were sourced from the Department of Anatomy at Index Medical College hospital and research center Malwanchal university Indore Measurements, including femoral length, anterior neck length, and neck shaft angle, were taken using Vernier calipers, a goniometer, k-Wire and clay.

Findings:

The anterior neck length was measured at 33.03 ± 4.38 mm, while the femoral transverse diameter of the left femoral neck in dry femora was 27.2 ± 2.83 mm. The left femur’s neck shaft angle was recorded as 127.6° ± 6.7, and the femoral transverse diameter of the right femoral neck in dry femora measured 29.6 ± 2.93 mm.

Conclusion:

This study highlights unique femur measurements within the Madhya Pradesh population, distinct from those observed in other populations. These findings hold significant implications for diagnostic and treatment planning by radiologists and orthopedic surgeons, as well as for anthropological and medico-legal practices.

Background: It has been determined that Escherichia coli is the prevailing uropathogen (50-90%) in both complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) possesses an extensive array of virulence factors, which confers the potential to induce urinary tract infections and is correlated with the development of antibiotic resistance.

Aim of the study: The purpose of this research was to detect and distribute virulence genes and antibiotic sensitivity rates at the molecular level.

Material and Methods: This study was conducted in the microbiology laboratory at Al-Hussein Medical city teaching hospital / Laboratory of microbiology in Karbala province /Iraq. Between October 2023 and January 2024, urine samples were collected and transported for further analysis using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques. The identification of E.coli isolates was confirmed using 16rRNA, and resistance and sensitivity to various antibiotics were determined using the identification genes fimH, KpsmII, Pap, ompT, and PCR, in conjunction with the Vitek2 system.

Result: E.coli was identified the most common bacteria isolate for different urine sample was 16(35.5%). The most virulent gene observed were Fim H,KpsMII,pap and OmpT were16(100%),13 (81.3%),9(56.3%) and 8(50%) respectively.Theriteen type of antibiotic were identified sensitivity to E.coli isolate the most common resistant rate  was Ticarcillin, Pipraciilin have high resistance rate14(87.5), Ciprofloxacin 9(56.3), Minocycline, Aztreonam, Trimethoprim the percentage rate of 8(50) .The high sensitivity were conducted to Meropenem, Imipenem, Gentamicin was 14(87.5), Cefepime 13(81.25),Amikacin 12(75.0).

Conclusion: The study concluded that the there is distrution of virulence gene and  correlation between virulence factor of UPEC gene specially fimH, pap and multidrug resistance

Background: Ischemic cerebrovascular disease results in oxygen deprivation to brain tissue, which can trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immune cell mediators are released during reperfusion, which can happen naturally through thrombus breakup or through therapeutic recanalization. Method: After a week of acclimation, the rats were split into five groups as follows: Sham group: The animals had general anesthesia without having their unilateral carotid artery blocked. The animals in the ischemic-reperfused control group had general anesthesia, a 5-minute blockage of the carotid artery, and an hour-long reperfusion without the administration of medication. Vehicle group: The animals underwent the same surgery as the control group, but they also received intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of DSMO 5 min. after the ischemia. Group treated with heparin sulfate: 5 min. after the ischemia, the animals underwent the same surgical technique as the control group, but they also received 400IU/kg (i.p.). Group treated with dimethyl fumarate: 5 min. after the ischemia, the animals underwent the same surgical technique as the control group, plus they were given 50 mg/kg of dimethyl fumarate intraperitoneally (i.p.). Results: MDA levels and brain tissue damage were significantly lower (P <0.05) in the treated groups. Histologically, the treated groups had less brain tissue damage than the control and vehicle groups (P < 0.05). Compared to the heparin sulfate group, the DMF group demonstrated a greater reduction in MDA and brain damage. Conclusion: DMF has a neuroprotective impact on cerebral I/R injury by downregulating oxidative stress and lowering the percentage of infarction area, while heparin also has this effect.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance was reported to occur when a drug loses its ability to inhibit bacterial growth effectively. Bacteria become ‘resistant’ and continue to multiply in the presence of therapeutic levels of the antibiotics. Bacteria, when replicate even in the presence of the antibiotics, are called resistant bacteria. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance was observed shortly after the introduction of new antimicrobial compounds. Antibiotic resistance can occur as a natural selection process where nature empowers all bacteria with some degree of low-level resistance. Aim: To compare the bacterial resistance toward selective antimicrobial agents between two different occasions with a two-year interval. Objectives: To assess antibacterial resistance toward certain antibacterial agents in specified types of infections, to assess antibacterial resistance toward certain antibacterial agents in the same specified types of infections after two years, and to compare the extent of antibacterial resistance during this period for the demographic population of interest. Design and Methods: The study was designed as a retrospective study. Data from 195 patients in 2018 and 315 patients in 2020 were taken, and the antimicrobial resistance was considered by the culture and sensitivity tests. Results: There is a significant increase in the percentage of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus against ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, of E. coli against vancomycin, and of Streptococcus species against vancomycin, azithromycin, and ampicillin in 2020 compared to the cases taken in 2018 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: There is a large extent of antibacterial resistance among the agents evaluated in the current study, as manifested by the resistance against antibacterial agents of different pharmacological groups. The rate of resistance is also elevated since the dramatic increase in resistance occurred within a relatively short period of time.

Background: Paclitaxel (Taxol), a taxane chemotherapy widely employed in treating various cancers, including breast, ovarian, and testicular tumors, is associated with peripheral neuropathy as a significant side effect, impacting treatment continuity and influencing therapeutic strategies. Citrus pectin, known for its diverse therapeutic properties such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-diabetic effects, is explored for its potential neuroprotective role in mitigating paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the potential attenuation of paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity in human neuronal cell culture through the co-administration of citrus pectin. Method: The methodology involves employing the WST-8 assay on human neuron cell cultures to assess Taxol and citrus pectin's individual and combined cytotoxicity and inhibitory ratio (IR%). The Chou-Talalay index (CI) equation determines whether the interaction is antagonistic, additive, or synergistic. A CI value below 0.9 indicates strong synergism, 1.1-0.9 denotes additivity, and a CI above 1.1 signifies antagonism. Immunocytochemistry utilizing \(\beta\) tubulin III protein characterization and neuron imaging depicting cellular morphology changes after treatment are conducted. Result: The results revealed significant differences in IR% between Taxol and the control group across all concentrations (P<0.05), whereas citrus pectin exhibits no statistical significance compared to the control group (P>0.05). The calculated CI values indicate a pronounced antagonistic interaction between Taxol and citrus pectin at various doses in serial concentrations (CI >1.1). Neuron morphology demonstrated improved neuron cell axons in the taxol + citrus pectin combination. Immunocytochemistry indicates heightened DAB expression in the cell culture compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: Citrus pectin exhibits the potential to mitigate the cytotoxic effects of Taxol chemotherapy, suggesting a role in protecting and treating paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract without any signs of infection. It is a prolonged disorder characterized by recurring attacks. Disease may occur in any segment of the colon, ranging from the oral cavity to the rectum. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) are used to subtype patients with CD from ulcerative colitis (UC). IL-37 is an identified member of the IL-1 family that exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Several genetic variations in cytokine genes have been linked to an elevated risk of developing autoimmune disorders. However, an association between genetic variations in the IL-37 gene and a decrease in serum IL-37 levels in CD has not been investigated. The aim was to find out the association between IL-37 genetic variants, IL-37 plasma levels, and various clinical phases of Crohn’s disease. Serum concentrations of IL-37 and ASCA were evaluated using ELISA, and genetic variants were genotyped by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the sanger sequence technique. It was found that the G>A genotype of (rs3801147) occurs significantly more frequently in patients with active CD. Since the allele G is considered a common allele in patients, it may have a good etiological role for disease. While the allele A is considered a common allele in control, it recorded a higher protective factor rate (0.06). In addition, the G allele of the rs3801147 SNP wasn’t associated with low circulating concentrations of IL-37. Furthermore, low circulating concentrations of IL-37 may have a negative correlation between the levels of IL-37 and the severity of CD.

Impact of surgery is examined in individuals with combined stenotic-occlusive lesions of extracranial and femoral-popliteal-tibial arteries to determine its effects on functional recovery and quality of life. A 50-patient prospective cohort study. Men made up 92% of patients. The age distribution between 51 and 70 suggests a demographic background for surgical procedures, however caution is advised. Surgery frequency shows that bypass surgery is 40% common and that angioplasty, angioplasty with stent, and endarterectomy are versatile. After surgery, quality of life improved statistically, demonstrating the efficacy of therapies beyond functional recovery. While weariness during exercise varied, the overall beneficial outcomes suggest that surgical procedures can improve the lives of vascular disease patients. The findings enrich treatment plans and improve knowledge of subtle outcomes in functional recovery and QOL for doctors, researchers, and patients.

Background: In the EU countries, modern laser technologies in dentistry have witnessed remarkable advancements, revolutionizing dental care by offering precise and minimally invasive procedures, reducing patient discomfort, and enhancing overall treatment outcomes. Objective: The aims are to explore the types of laser technologies, evaluate clinical applications, and review the experiences of EU countries. Materials And Methods: For this narrative review, the Google Scholar database was searched for works published in the recent 2019–2023 timeframe. Keywords such as Lasers [general dentistry] OR Laser [soft tissue] OR "Germany" OR "United Kingdom" OR "France" OR "Italy" were employed and 9910 in total identified. Finally, a thorough evaluation of 14 papers was selected. Results: European dentists use a variety of lasers for different purposes. Nd:YAG lasers for soft tissue operations and tooth whitening, diode lasers for gingival and tissue treatments, CO2 lasers for soft tissue surgery, Er:YAG lasers for precision hard tissue ablation and cavity preparation, and Er,CR:YSGG lasers for diverse soft and hard tissue procedures. European dentistry uses laser technology for several clinical objectives. It accurately removes pyogenic granulomas from the maxillary molars and premolars during surgical excisions. Lasers also perform soft tissue operations and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement by targeting oral sites in periodontal therapy and treat mucositis and early peri-implantitis. Lasers help wound healing and tissue regeneration in soft and hard dental tissues via photobiomodulation therapy. Lasers cut tissue precisely, making them useful for minor dental operations such impacted lower third molar extractions. Conclusion: The different ways lasers are used in European dentistry show how important they are for improving precision, efficiency, and therapeutic results in a wide range of clinical applications, from soft tissue procedures to hard tissue ablation and wound healing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (\(TiO_{2}NPs\)) on pregnant mice and their embryos. \(TiO_{2}NPs\) ( 25nm, anatase) were administered orally (3500, 4500, or 5500 mg/kg) to pregnant mice daily from the \(7^{th}\) to the \(18^{th}\) gestation days. At the \(18^{th}\) gestation day, the mice were euthanized, necropsied, and pathological examination of the mice and their embryos was done. Low and medium doses of \(TiO_{2}NPs\) increased the activity of pregnant mice while high dose decreased it. Abortions occurred at a rate directly proportional to dose of \(TiO_{2}NPs\). Fetal malformations included cleft lip, cleft palate, exencephalon, exophthalmos, anencephaly, anencephalon, meningocoele, encephalomeningocoele, myelocoele, spina bifida and macromelia. Microscopically, \(TiO_{2}NPs\) induced degenerative, necrotic, and inflammatory lesions in the kidneys, liver, lungs, and brain of pregnant mice. The embryos showed delayed development of the urinary, nervous, and respiratory systems as well as degenerative and necrotic changes in the viscera. Results of this study indicated that \(TiO_{2}NPs\) in the doses used caused behavioral changes, toxic lesions, abortions, fetal malformations, and histopathological changes in both pregnant mice and their embryos.

Background: Medical disputes arising from medical errors or medical negligence are complex and sensitive situations in the field of healthcare. In this regard, there is a need for effective mechanisms for the settlement of such conflicts, which would not only ensure justice but also contribute to the quick and effective resolution of disputes. Aim & Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the peculiarities of using mediation in the resolution of medical disputes, as well as to determine the effectiveness of this approach in the framework of medical errors. The main objectives include the analysis of statistics of medical errors, the study of the civil and criminal nature of such errors, the determination of the advantages and disadvantages of the mediation process in this category of disputes, as well as the assessment of the effectiveness of restorative justice and mediation in the resolution of medical disputes. Methods: To achieve the set goals, such research methods as analysis of the regulatory and legal framework, comparative legal analysis, system-structural method, logical methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization), dialectical method, and dogmatic method were used. Results: The analysis results show that mediation is an effective tool in settling medical disputes. In particular, it contributes to reducing social tension and forming a non-conflict environment even under challenging conditions, such as the legal regime of martial law. Conclusion: The conclusion noted that mediation is essential in conflict situations caused by medical (medical) errors. It turns out to be an effective tool in resolving medical disputes, contributing not only to the fair resolution of conflicts but also to creating a favorable environment for all parties.

The intended objective was the synthesis of an herbal antibacterial gel. To develop a gel suitable for use in sanitary applications, several tests were carried out. Carbopol 941 was used as a gelling agent, glycerin was used as an emollient, and parabens and sodium benzoate were preservatives. The prepared formulations were characterized. Microbiological methods were utilized to evaluate the formulations that were selected. According to the results of the microbiological examination, the gel can reduce the number of germs present in the hands.

Introduction: In recent years, there have been reports that hydrogen peroxide may play a role as an antihypoxant. The basis for this pharmacologic activity of hydrogen peroxide is that blood contains catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen. However, there are no comprehensive data on the antihypoxic role of hydrogen peroxide at different levels of hypothermia. Methods: Experimental studies were conducted on 100 adult aquarium fish breeds such as guppies, blue neons, three-line rasboras, swordfish and zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Acute hypoxia was achieved by sealing the container in which the fish were placed. A plastic transparent syringe of 2, 5, 10 or 20 ml with fresh water was used as such a container. During hypoxia, the frequency of respiratory movements of gill arches, mouth opening and closing, frequency and amplitude of fluctuations of fins, as well as the sequence of changes in their coloration up to the complete final immobilization of fish and their death were recorded. Hydrogen peroxide was injected into fresh water in which the fish swam. Experiments were conducted at water temperatures of +16, +21, and +26 \(^\circ\)C in 3 series. Results: It was found that a decrease in water temperature during acute hypoxia in swimming fish from +26 to +16 \(^\circ\)C lengthens the duration of the period of preservation of their viability more than 2 times. In addition, it turned out that preliminary introduction of therapeutic dose of hydrogen peroxide into the water with fish enhances the antihypoxic effect of hypothermia by 2 times. Conclusion: Cooling aquarium fish from +26 to +16 \(^\circ\)C during acute potentially lethal hypoxia prolongs the period of viability of fish in 2 - 2.2 times. Preliminary introduction of therapeutic dose of hydrogen peroxide into the water in which fish swim, cooling of water and fish from +26 to +16 \(^\circ\)C lengthens the duration of viability of fish during acute potentially lethal hypoxia in 4 times.

Background: Drug misuse is the most frequently discussed psychological issue among adolescents and teenagers in both developed and developing countries. Drug addiction is a global problem among the youth and older people, though the rate of usage by the youth is higher than that of the older people. Objectives: The study aim to evaluation of students’ knowledge about drugs abuse, and identify Difference between students’ knowledge and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Descriptive study design among 200 students selected by non-probability sampling (convenience sample). The study tool is a questionnaire composed from two parts (socio demographic characteristics and knowledge scale). The data collected by interview method at Al-Maarif College in Al-Ramady Ciy. Result: The finding indicated that 68(34%) of students at age (19-21) years contributed among first and second stage from Al-Maarif college, 106(53%) are males, 124(62%) of them have moderate socioeconomic status. 74% of students had moderate level of knowledge about drugs abuse at mean and standard deviation was (67.45±13.84). There is significant statistical relationship between students’ knowledge with age, sex and socioeconomic status at p value (0.000, 0.000, and 0.003) respectively. Conclusion: Sudents had moderate level of knowledge about drugs misuse. Medical education has continuously been respected as profoundly demanding.

Background: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) involves the administration of chemotherapy alongside radiation therapy, while radiation therapy (RT) involves the use of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. Late toxicities refer to the long-term side effects that may occur months or even years after the completion of treatment. Method: A retrospective study conducted in central and southern Iraq designed to assess the risk of acute and late toxicities in patients with grade \(\geq\) 3 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which was related to CCRT and RT alone. Information was gathered from a number of both governmental and private hospitals and clinics. The CCRT group of patients in the trial received a variety of medication types, whereas the radiation group received a recommended dose that typically ranged from 60 to 70 Gy. Dermatitis, a dry cough, mucositis, dysphagia, leukopenia, liver and renal failure, nausea and vomiting, neutropenia, and peripheral neuropathy were among the acute toxicities. Results: In cases of Acute Toxicity, there were significantly higher rates of dry cough, Mucositis, nausea and vomiting, dermatitis, and neutropenia in the CCRT group compared to RT. Additionally, in terms of late toxicities, the CCRT group experienced significantly more instances of dry cough, mucositis, and neutropenia. Both late CCRT and late RT toxicities showed significantly higher occurrences of dry cough, mucositis, neutropenia, and nausea and vomiting compared to acute CCRT and acute RT toxicities. Conclusion: Our research indicates that CCRT is more likely to result in late-stage severe toxicities than radiation therapy. Furthermore, for both CCRT and RT, the importance of late toxicities particularly late severe toxicities is emphasized. These results are in line with the given assertion.

Numerous research have documented the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and anticancer properties of punica grantum in therapeutic settings. Objectives: To ascertain whether punica grantum juice has any potential antibacterial activity in preventing urinary pathogenic Escherchia coli (UPEC) isolates from female outpatients. The antimicrobial effect of punica grantum juice, against urinaty pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates, was studied using well- diffusion method, and the impact of antibiotic-infused Punica grantum juice discs on (UPEC) isolates was also studied using disc- diffusion method, then the statistical study was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. Punica grantum juice has antimicrobial activities on UPEC isolates at concentrations of 400mg/ml and 200mg/ml. It showed 1.7 cm of the average inhibition zone at concentration of 400 mg/ml, and 1 cm at concentration of 200 mg/ml against UPEC. There is a statistically significant differences in the diameters of inhibition zones of antibiotic-resistant E. coli after the addition of pomegranate juice at a concentration of 200 mg/ml.

Three successive pregnancy losses before 20 weeks have passed since the last menstrual cycle are considered Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL).  Progesterone is crucial for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy. Due to its well-established safety profile, hormonal therapy with dysgesterone (Duphaston) is used globally to support luteal function and lower the risk of pregnancy loss in women with URPL. The aim: estimate the concentration of progesterone, estradiol, progesterone induce blocking factor and epithelial - cadherin in women's with RPL compared to control (fertile women) and known the correlation between them. Methods: blood samples obtained from (70) women with RPL (35 RPL without treatment and 35 RPL with treatment) from different infertility clinics in Iraq. Also; 36 fertile women's as control. All groups are matched in BMI and age. Result: the concentration of these hormones were significantly decrease (p<0.05) between RPL patients without treatment and controls.  While; shown increase of all parameters level in RPL patients with treatment compared with RPL patients without treatment. Regarding the results of correlation were positive correlations between these parameters in patients with treatment and without treatment. Conclusion, this study indicates the importance of dydrogesterone and their positive role in an increasing of hormones level in blood and then lead to increase of other proteins concentrations in patients.

The purpose of the article is to study scientific and practical aspects of legal regulation of patient’s informed voluntary consent in Ukrainian civil and special medical legislation. The subject matter of the research is the formation of the patient’s consent doctrine in the current legislation of Ukraine. The authors have studied the importance of respect for patient’s autonomy in modern medical ethics and law, which is embodied in the requirement to provide consent for any medical intervention. It has been proved that the rule of patient’s informed voluntary consent is a modern legal standard and a legal prerequisite for any medical intervention. Its components have been characterized: patient’s awareness about the state of health and offered treatment, the choice of treatment methods, the possibility for patients to refuse what they may consider as inappropriate or unnecessary treatment. The main principles of the Ukrainian doctrine of patient’s informed voluntary consent in the form of the concept of human rights and dignity have been defined; the key regulatory legal acts that initiated the implementation of the doctrine of informed voluntary consent have been distinguished; the nature and reasons for making amendments to the legislation have been analyzed; an assessment of the quality of such amendments has been provided; areas for further development of Ukrainian doctrine and legislation in the light of recognized European standards regarding the protection of human rights and dignity in the field of medical care have been suggested.

Background: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a collective term for several types of lung malignancies, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a notable concern for individuals who have received Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy (HEC) and Medium Emetogenic Chemotherapy (MEC). The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of anti-emetics in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Methods: 361 patients were split into five groups: Ondansetron (OND), Dexamethasone (Dex), Metoclopramide (Met), Ondansetron plus Dexamethasone (OND + Dex), and Aprepitant plus Dexamethasone (Apr + Dex). The main objectives were to assess the percentage of patients experiencing acute, delayed, and overall CINV within each group. Acute and delayed CINV severity were estimated after 24 hours or more after treatment, respectively. Likert score of 1 or more for nausea or at least 1 vomiting event on chemotherapy day, while delayed NV was defined by any day between days 1 and 7 after chemotherapy. Results: Out of 361 patients, 200 (55.4%) received HEC and 161 (44.6%) received MEC. HEC drugs caused considerably more nausea and vomiting (p<0.05) than MEC during the acute phase, which commenced within 24 hours of emetogenic drug delivery. In the delayed phase (>24 hours post-administration), nausea was significantly higher in HEC patients compared to MEC patients (p<0.05), whereas vomiting was not significantly different. The degree of nausea was worse on the first day and was better over time in patients using HEC, according to the Likert score. Ondansetron with corticosteroid combination was have a significant level of protection against acute and delay phases. there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the combinations of aprepitant with corticosteroid, dexamethasone alone (83.7%), and ondansetron alone (83.4%). Conclusion: Based on the findings, Ondansetron with corticosteroid combination was standard treatment regimens to prevent CINV in patients with NSCLC undergoing chemotherapy treatment.