Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are small, biconcave cells without a nucleus that circulate in the bloodstream. Their primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body and to carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. Structurally, red blood cells are disc-shaped with a dimple in the center, which increases their surface area and flexibility, allowing them to deform as they squeeze through narrow capillaries. This shape is optimized for efficient gas exchange. The key component of red blood cells is hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues. Hemoglobin also facilitates the transport of carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days in the circulation. They are eventually broken down and recycled by the spleen and liver. Maintaining the proper balance and function of red blood cells is crucial for overall health. Disorders affecting red blood cells, such as anemia or abnormal hemoglobin production, can lead to significant health issues due to impaired oxygen transport and tissue function.123

(CBC) Analyzer the Complete Blood Count (CBC) analyzer is a critical diagnostic tool used in clinical settings to assess various components of blood. It provides quantitative measurements of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit, among other parameters. CBC analysis plays a pivotal role in diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions, including anemia, infections, and blood disorders. Evolution and Modern CBC Analyzers CBC analyzers have evolved significantly with advancements in technology and automation, enhancing their accuracy, speed, and reliability. Modern CBC analyzers integrate sophisticated algorithms and electronic sensors to provide rapid and precise measurements of blood parameters. These advancements have streamlined the diagnostic process and improved patient care outcomes

Research Applications of CBC Analyzer. The CBC analyzer is extensively used in medical research for: Clinical Diagnostics: Screening and monitoring patients for various hematological disorders and systemic diseases. Research Studies: Investigating the correlation between blood parameters and disease progression. Therapeutic Monitoring: Assessing the effectiveness of treatments such as chemotherapy and blood transfusions. Recent Sources For up-to- date information and recent advancements in CBC analyzers, consider the following sources: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).45

(SEM) The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an analytical tool used to study the fine structure of materials at the nanometer level. SEM excels in producing high-resolution images of the external surfaces of samples, allowing for precise analysis of structural details from various angles. The microscope operates by directing a beam of electrons onto the sample surface and measuring the signals that interact with it to generate detailed three-dimensional images. Evolution and SEM Techniques SEM has significantly evolved in recent years with advancements in technology and software, enhancing image accuracy and analytical capabilities. Advanced techniques used in SEM include :Focused Ion Beam SEM: Allows for higher-resolution surface analysis and improved nanometer-scale site specificity.3D Imaging Techniques: Enable the acquisition of three-dimensional images of samples, facilitating a deeper understanding of complex structures .Research Applications of SEMSEM finds extensive use in a wide range of research applications, including :Biological and Cellular Studies: Analyzing cell and tissue structures with high precision .Nanotechnology Research: Analyzing nano-materials and nanostructures .Materials Science: Analyzing crystals and metallic materials in detail .Recent Sources For further information and recent advancements in SEM, refer to the following sources:678

literature review

Based on general physiological data, the diameter of human red blood cells (RBCs) typically ranges between 6.2 to 8.2 micrometers (µm) for both males and females. This range may vary slightly among individuals due to various factors such as health conditions and environmental influences. If you need more specific data or variations between genders, referring to recent hematological or medical textbooks would be advisable for precise information. Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Normal range: Approximately 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/µL) for males and 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/µL for females.91011

Aims of the research

First Objective: To determine the diameters of human red blood cells for females in the Al-Najaf, Saladin, and Duhok groups using the ImageJ software installed on my personal computer.

Second Objective: To establish the counting of human red blood cells in females in the Al-Najaf, Saladin, and Duhok groups.

This study was conducted from July to September of the current year, 2024. It involved obtaining 5 mL of normal blood samples from the Central Blood Bank in Al-Najaf and Duhok provinces. The samples were transported at temperatures ranging from -4°C to -6°C to preserve them in tubes containing anticoagulant. They were then transferred to the Laboratory of Graduate Studies at Tikrit University, College of Medicine, for complete blood cell (CBC) counting using CBC analyzer. The study included 150 samples of women for each group, all aged above 19 years, forming the first axis of the research. The second axis of the study involved obtaining 5 mL of blood samples from the Central Blood Bank in the aforementioned provinces, preserved in tubes with 2.5% glutaraldehyde as a fixative. These samples were transported to CAC Laboratories for Laboratory

Tests to measure the diameters of human red blood cells using scanning electron microscopy. Each group consisted of ten women samples.

Research Plan: includes three groups:

The first group: Al-Najaf Province.

The second group: Duhok Province. The third group: Salah Al-Din province Statistical analysis

First, we calculated the overall mean and error percentage for red blood cell counts for a total of 150 female samples. Second, we determined the overall mean and error percentage for red blood cell distributions in three groups, with 10 females’ samples Third, we examined the relationship between the two groups using Two-Sample t-Test.

1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results for red blood corpuscles:

1. The Mean, Standard Deviation, and Standard Error of the diameter of the red blood corpuscles:
   1. Duhok group:

• Mean (μ) ≈ 6.299
• Standard Deviation (σ) ≈ 0.2846
• Standard Error (SE) ≈ 0.0858
  1. Salah Al-Din group:
• Mean (μ) ≈ 6.0464
• the standard deviation is approximately 0.4105
• the standard error (SE) is approximately 0.1238
  1. Al-Najaf group:
• Mean (μ) ≈ 5.8682
• Standard Deviation (σ) ≈ 0.0436
• Standard Error (SE) ≈ 0.0132

2. The counting of the red blood corpuscles:

1. Duhok Group:

• Mean: 4.5513
• Standard Deviation: 0.491
• Standard Error: 0.044

1. Salah Al-Din Group:

• Mean: 4.462
• Standard Deviation: 0.491
• Standard Error: 0.044

1. Najaf Group:

• Mean: 4.271
• Standard Deviation: 0.491
• Standard Error: 0.044

Comparing the results among the three groups, Duhok showed the highest mean RBC dimensions (6.299 μ) and count (4.5513), followed by Salah Al-Din (6.0464 μ and 4.462, respectively), with Najaf displaying the smallest dimensions (5.8682 μ) and count (4.271). These variations suggest potential regional differences in RBC characteristics that could relate to genetic or environmental factors.

The data reveals a clear trend: the Duhok group exhibits both the largest diameter and the highest count of red blood corpuscles, followed by the Salah Al-Din group, with the Al-Najaf group showing the lowest values in both metrics. This suggests a potential correlation between the mean diameter of red blood corpuscles and their count within these groups. Further studies could investigate the underlying reasons for these differences, focusing on genetic makeup, environmental conditions, dietary habits, and health statuses. Understanding these factors can help develop targeted interventions to improve red blood cell health and overall well-being in these populations.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Future studies should explore genetic and environmental factors influencing red blood cell characteristics in these regions and analyze their impact on individual health outcomes. Additionally, further research is recommended to investigate the relationship between these characteristics and blood-related diseases, aiming to enhance healthcare and preventive measures.

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